At the core of the system are photosynthetic microorganisms such as Chlorella vulgaris or Spirulina platensis. When exposed to light, these organisms release high-energy electrons as part of the natural photosynthesis process. Instead of allowing these electrons to dissipate, HydroMoss Quantum captures and redirects them through conductive electrodes.

Graphite or graphene-based electrodes collect the released electrons and create a low-voltage electrical current. This current powers onboard sensors while simultaneously driving electrochemical reactions inside the reactor. The system functions as a living bio-electrochemical cell that converts light energy directly into electrical and chemical work.

As electrons move through the system, oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions occur at the electrode surfaces. These reactions generate reactive oxygen species that break down organic pollutants, pesticides, and microplastic residues. Heavy metals and harmful compounds are neutralized or separated without the need for chemical treatment.

 Integrated sensors continuously measure water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, oxidation–reduction potential, and conductivity. A microcontroller analyzes this data and adjusts light intensity and electrical flow to maintain optimal system performance and purification efficiency.